This graph illustrates the Kalecki equation, which decomposes aggregate corporate profit into economically meaningful components. The classic version of the equation is:
Profit = Investment + Government Deficit (-Government Saving) + Current Account Balance (-Foreign Saving) + Consumption Financed by Profit - Personal Saving out of Wages.
Since consumption financed by profit is equivalent to dividends minus saving out of dividends, and savings out of dividends and wages together constitute personal saving, this equation can also be expressed as:
Profit = Investment - Government Saving - Foreign Saving + Dividends - Personal Saving. When gross profit (net profit + capital consumption) is considered, this leads to the specific form of the Kalecki equation shown in the chart above.
Informed takeaways: Holding other factors constant, a higher gross investment, a higher government deficit, a higher dividend payout from firms, and a higher current account balance cause a higher aggregate profit. Meanwhile, a higher personal saving and a higher capital consumption cause a lower aggregate profit. For a sophisticated analysis using the Kalecki Equation, refer to Minsky (1986, Stabilising an Unstable Economy), in which the Kaleckian distribution theory is used to explain business cycles, inflation, and even real wage.
Inventory and depreciation are always adjusted to their current value if a firm uses historical cost. The statistical discrepancy is the measurement error between GDP and GDI, which is stated in table 5.1 of NIPA. For details, you may refer to the NIPA handbook.